1. Penalty Kick Shoulders parallel with touch-line. Arm angled up, pointing towards non-off ending team

2. Free Kick Shoulders parallel with touch-line. Arm bent square at elbow, upper arm pointing towards non-offending team.

3. Try and Penalty Try Referee’s back to dead-ball line. Arm raised vertically.

4. Advantage Arm outstretched, waist high, towards non - offending team.

5. Scrum awarded Shoulders parallel with touch-line. Arm horizontal pointing towards team to put in the ball.

6. Throw forward/forward pass Hands gesture as if passing an imaginary ball forward.

7. Knock-on Hands at level of head. Fingers of one hand tap the palm of the other hand.

8. Not releasing ball immediately Both hands are close to the chest, as if holding an imaginary ball.

9. Voluntarily falling over on a player Curved arm makes gesture to imitate action of falling player. Signal is made in direction in which offending player fell.

10. Diving to ground near tackle. Straight arm gesture, pointing downwards to imitate diving action.

11. Prop pulling down opponent Clenched fist, and arm bent. Gesture imitates pulling opponent down.

12. Prop pulling opponent on Clenched fist, and arm straight, at shoulder height. Gesture imitates pulling opponent on.

13. Wheeling scrum more than 90 Rotating index finger, at shoulder height.

14. Foot-up by front-row player. Foot raised, heel touched.

15. Throw-in at scrum not straight Hands at waist level imitate action of put-in not straight.

16. Failure to bind fully One arm out-stretched as if binding. Other hand moves up and down arm to indicate the extent of a full bind.

17. Voluntarily collapsing ruck or maul Both arms at shoulder height as if bound around opponent. Upper body is lowered and twisted as if pulling down opponent who is on top.

18. Handling ball in ruck or scrum Hand at ground level, making sweeping action, as if handling the ball.

19. Throw-in not straight Shoulders parallel with touch-line. Hand above head indicates the path of the ball, not straight.

20. Closing gaps at line-out Both hands at eye level, pointing up, palms inward. Hands meet in squeezing action.

21. Barging in line-out Arm horizontal, elbow pointing out. Arm and shoulder move outwards as if barging opponent.

22. Leaning on player in line-out Arm horizontal, bent at elbow, palm down. Downward gesture.

23. Pushing opponent in line-out Both hands at shoulder level, with palms outward, making pushing gesture.

24. Lifting player in line-out Both fists clenched in front, at waist level, making lifting gesture.

25. Obstruction in general play Arms crossed in front of chest at right angles to each other, like open scissors.

26. Off-side at line-out Hand and arm move horizontally across chest, towards offence.

27. Off-side at ruck or maul (fringing) Arm outstretched, fingers pointing downwards. Hand makes a circle.

28. Off-side at scrum, ruck or maul Shoulders parallel with touch-line. A r m hanging straight down, swings in arc along off-side line.

29. Off-side choice: penalty kick or scrum One arm as for penalty kick. Other arm points to place where scrum may be taken instead of kick.

30. Off-side under 10 metre Law One hand rotates in large circle above head.

31. High Tackle (foul play) Hand moves horizontally in front of neck.

32. Stamping (foul play: illegal use of boot) Stamping action or similar gesture to indicate the offence.

33. Punching (foul play) Clenched fist punches open palm.

34. Dissent (disputing referee’s decision) Outstretched arm with hand opening and closing to imitate talking.

35. Award of drop-out on 22m line Arm points to centre of 22 metre line.

36. Forming a scrum Elbows bent, hands above head fingers touching.

37. Ball held up in in-goal Space between hands indicates that ball was not grounded.

38. Physio needed One arm raised indicates physio is needed for injured player.

39. Doctor needed Both arms raised above head indicates a doctor is needed for injured player.

40. Bleeding wound Arms crossed above head indicates player has bleeding injury and may be temporarily replaced.